A growing body of research, including findings published in 2025, is revealing how deeply social connection shapes human biology.

One area of interest involves FGF21, a hormone produced by the liver that plays a role in regulating mitochondrial efficiency — the process by which cells convert fuel into usable energy.

During prolonged periods of loneliness or psychosocial isolation, studies suggest that FGF21 levels may fall. Lower FGF21 does not diagnose any condition, but it may reduce how efficiently cells generate energy, leaving individuals feeling tired, foggy, or slowed down even without physical exertion.

Understanding this can be reassuring. The heaviness experienced during isolated periods is not “all in the mind.” It leaves a measurable biological footprint.

Gentle, predictable social contact — even brief daily check-ins — can help signal safety to the nervous system and support metabolic stability.

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